Dielectric spectrum of a ferrofluid layer exposed to a gradient magnetic field

A low-frequency dielectric response of a ferrofluid based on transformer oil and MnZn ferrite nanoparticles is investigated in a gradient magnetic field. Four ferrofluid samples of various nanoparticle concentrations were introduced into planar micro-capacitors located over a magnetized tip. The dielectric spectra were measured in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 200 kHz and in the local magnetic field up to 100 mT. The spectra exhibit a dielectric relaxation ascribed to nanoparticle interfacial polarization. The low-frequency spectrum of each ferrofluid decreases upon application of the magnetic field up to 20 mT. The decrease in dielectric permittivity is caused by a magnetic force acting on larger nanoparticles in the gradient magnetic field. It is assumed that the interfaces of the concentrated nanoparticles in the gradient field do not contribute to the effective dielectric response. This reduces the effective relaxation time and shifts the relaxation toward higher frequencies. The dielectric spectra are well described by a relaxation fit function consisting of one Havriliak-Negami and a conductivity term. The fitting confirms that the only effect of the gradient magnetic field on the dielectric spectra is the shift of the dielectric relaxation and the decrease of the amplitude in the imaginary permittivity. This behavior is evident from a master plot, where all dielectric relaxations are superimposed on a single line. The knowledge of the presented behavior of the ferrofluid may be valuable when applying a ferrofluid to sharply magnetized parts of various electrical equipment (wires, tips, screws, nails, edges) as a liquid dielectric medium.