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Prevalence and Incidence01:08

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In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health...
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The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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Incidence and Mortality Rates for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Puerto Rican Hispanics, 2012-2016.

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Puerto Rican Hispanic children have lower acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) incidence but higher mortality rates compared to other US racial/ethnic groups. Further research is needed to understand these childhood cancer disparities.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer.
  • Significant variability exists in ALL incidence and mortality rates across racial/ethnic groups.
  • Puerto Rican Hispanic (PRH) children's ALL rates are not well-characterized in comparison to other US populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess and compare age-standardized ALL incidence and mortality rates in PRH children.
  • To compare PRH children's ALL data with US mainland Hispanics (USH), non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), and Non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islanders (NHAPI).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized secondary data analysis from 2001 to 2016.
  • Included data from the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry and the National Cancer Institute's SEER databases.
  • Assessed differences using standardized rate ratios (SRR) for 2010-2014.

Main Results:

  • PRH children exhibited 31% lower ALL incidence than USH but 86% higher than NHB.
  • ALL incidence significantly increased annually (5% for PRH, 0.9% for USH) from 2001-2016.
  • PRH children had a lower 5-year overall survival rate (81.7%) compared to other groups.

Conclusions:

  • PRH children face significant disparities in ALL incidence and mortality rates within the US.
  • Further investigation into genetic and environmental risk factors is crucial.
  • This study is the first to report and compare childhood ALL rates for PRH children nationally.