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Related Concept Videos

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 and Pathogenic Bacteria.

Parvindokht Fazel1,2, Hamid Sedighian3, Elham Behzadi4

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Eqlid, Fars, Iran.

Current Microbiology
|May 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial co-infections and secondary bacterial infections are critical risk factors for COVID-19 severity and mortality. This review summarizes bacterial co-infections in respiratory viral infections, particularly SARS-CoV-2.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a global health threat.
  • Respiratory infections increase susceptibility to co-infections, worsening disease severity and mortality.
  • Bacterial co-infections are significant risk factors for COVID-19 severity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review bacterial co-infection and secondary bacterial infection in respiratory viral infections.
  • To highlight the impact of bacterial co-infections on COVID-19 outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of bacterial co-infection in respiratory viral infections.
  • Focus on studies investigating co-infections in SARS-CoV-2 patients.

Main Results:

  • Viral respiratory infections, including COVID-19, can lead to bacterial pneumonia.
  • Bacterial co-infections may contribute to mortality in some COVID-19 patients.
  • Antibiotics are used to manage bacterial co-infections in SARS-CoV-2 patients.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial co-infection is a critical factor influencing COVID-19 severity and mortality.
  • Understanding and managing bacterial co-infections is crucial for improving patient outcomes in viral respiratory infections.