Heat transfer characteristics of magnetized hybrid ferrofluid flow over a permeable moving surface with viscous...

Hybrid ferrofluid is a unique heat transfer fluid because it can be magnetically controlled and ideal in various applications. Further exploration to unleash its potential through studying heat transfer and boundary layer flow is crucial, especially in solving the thermal efficiency problem. Hence, this research focuses on the numerical examination of flow behaviour and heat transfer attributes of magnetized hybrid ferrofluid $F{e}_3{O}_4-CoF{e}_2{O}_4/$water across a permeable moving surface considering the mutual effects of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), viscous dissipation, and suction/injection. The problem was represented by the Tiwari and Das model with duo magnetic nanoparticle hybridization; magnetite $F{e}_3{O}_4$ and cobalt ferrite $CoF{e}_2{O}_4$ immersed in water. The governing equations were transformed into ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity variables and solved with bvp4c MATLAB. A dual solution is obtained, and via stability analysis, the first solution is stable and physically reliable. The significant influence of governing effects on the temperature and velocity profiles, the local skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are analyzed and visually shown. The surge-up value of suction and $CoF{e}_2{O}_4$ ferroparticle volume concentration enhances the local skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rate. Additionally, the magnetic parameter and Eckert number reduced the heat transfer. Using a 1% volume fraction of $F{e}_3{O}_4$ and $CoF{e}_2{O}_4$; the hybrid ferrofluid's convective heat transfer rate was shown to be superior to mono-ferrofluid and water by enhancing 2.75% and 6.91%, respectively. This present study also suggests implying a greater volume concentration of $CoF{e}_2{O}_4$ and lessening the magnetic intensity to maintain the laminar flow phase.