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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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High-Frequency Linear Array (20 MHz) Based on Lead-Free BCTZ Crystal.

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    This study developed a lead-free piezoelectric material for high-frequency ultrasound probes. Barium titanate-based crystals enabled high-resolution skin imaging, showing potential for medical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Acoustics
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Lead-free piezoelectric materials are crucial for advanced medical imaging.
    • Barium titanate-based (BaTiO3) crystals offer promising piezoelectric properties.
    • High-frequency (HF) linear arrays require precise material processing and characterization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and characterize lead-free piezoelectric materials for HF ultrasound probes.
    • To fabricate and evaluate a 128-element linear array for in vivo skin imaging.
    • To compare the performance of a BCTZ-based probe with commercial lead-based probes.

    Main Methods:

    • Centimeter-sized BaTiO3-CaTiO3-BaZrO3 (BCTZ) crystals were grown using top-seeded solution growth.
    • Piezoelectric plates with (110)pc cut were processed into 1-3 piezo-composites for 10 and 30 MHz arrays.
    • Electromechanical characterization, transducer stack tuning, and acoustic measurements were performed.
    • In vivo human skin imaging was conducted using a 128-channel echographic system.

    Main Results:

    • BCTZ crystal plates and 10-MHz piezocomposite showed thickness coupling factors of 40% and 50%.
    • A 30 MHz piezocomposite supported a 128-element array with 70 µm pitch.
    • The experimental probe achieved a 20 MHz center frequency and 41% fractional bandwidth.
    • In vivo skin images demonstrated the potential of BCTZ-based probes.

    Conclusions:

    • BCTZ-based lead-free materials are suitable for high-frequency ultrasound imaging.
    • The developed piezoelectric crystals and composites enable high-resolution medical imaging.
    • This technology offers a promising alternative to lead-based piezoelectric materials in medical probes.