Dietary components regulate chronic diseases through gut microbiota: a review

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Immunology
• Nutrition Science

Background:

• The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in human health, functioning as a significant immune organ.
• Imbalances in gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis) are linked to various chronic diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review gut microbiota composition, metabolites, and their connection to chronic diseases.
• To explore how dietary components influence gut microbiota and the microbial quorum sensing system.
• To highlight quorum sensing as a potential target for disease regulation through diet.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of studies on gut microbiota and chronic diseases.
• Analysis of research on dietary components (polyphenols, polysaccharides, fats, proteins, additives) and their impact on gut microbiota.
• Examination of the role of microbial quorum sensing in mediating diet-gut microbiota-disease interactions.

Main Results:

• Gut dysbiosis is associated with obesity, liver injury, colon cancer, atherosclerosis, and central nervous system diseases.
• Dietary components significantly alter gut microbiota abundance and function.
• Quorum sensing is identified as a key mechanism through which diet influences gut microbiota and disease outcomes.

Conclusions:

• Gut microbiota modulation via dietary interventions, particularly targeting quorum sensing, holds promise for managing chronic diseases.
• Understanding these interactions provides a theoretical basis for developing functional foods to improve health outcomes.