Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

24.1K
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
24.1K
IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization01:04

IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization

847
Electron delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms within a molecule rather than being confined to a single atom or bond. This phenomenon is common in systems with conjugated bonds—structures where alternating single and double bonds allow π-electrons to move freely across the network. The movement of electrons stabilizes the molecule and can affect various chemical properties, including vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectroscopy.
In IR...
847
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.1K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.1K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

690
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
690
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.1K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
1.1K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

47.4K
The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
47.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Measuring temperature and observing graphitization of heavy-ion-heated diamond.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Electron-ion equilibration in superheated gold.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Titanium alloy response sensitivity to variations in spectral reconstructions of National Ignition Facility xenon line-emission x-ray sources.

The Review of scientific instruments·2026
Same author

Probing ultrafast heating and ionization dynamics in solid density plasmas with time-resolved resonant X-ray absorption and emission.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Demonstration of a diamond anvil cell platform at the Linac Coherent Light Source: capabilities and outlook.

Journal of synchrotron radiation·2026
Same author

Measurement of ion acceleration and diffusion in a laser-driven magnetized plasma.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
08:42

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

11.7K

Observing the onset of pressure-driven K-shell delocalization.

T Döppner1, M Bethkenhagen2,3, D Kraus2,4,5

  • 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA. doeppner1@llnl.gov.

Nature
|May 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Experiments at over three gigabars reveal quantum-degenerate electrons and K-shell electron delocalization in astrophysical matter. This finding impacts understanding of extreme astrophysical object evolution and equation of state.

More Related Videos

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars
09:41

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Published on: July 5, 2016

9.1K
High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States
04:37

High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States

Published on: June 29, 2021

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 29, 2025

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions
08:42

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

11.7K
Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars
09:41

Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

Published on: July 5, 2016

9.1K
High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States
04:37

High-Pressure NMR Experiments for Detecting Protein Low-Lying Conformational States

Published on: June 29, 2021

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Astrophysical sciences
  • Plasma physics
  • High-energy-density physics

Background:

  • Astrophysical objects experience extreme pressures (over 1 gigabar), altering nuclear states and affecting their evolution.
  • Understanding these extreme conditions and the associated equation of state is limited by sparse experimental data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate matter under extreme pressures exceeding three gigabars.
  • To probe the quantum states of electrons and the behavior of K-shell electrons at these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the National Ignition Facility to implode a beryllium shell with 184 laser beams.
  • Employing X-ray radiography and X-ray Thomson scattering for precision diagnosis of macroscopic and microscopic states.

Main Results:

  • Observed quantum-degenerate electrons at 30 times compression and temperatures around two million kelvins.
  • Detected significantly reduced elastic scattering, attributed to K-shell electron delocalization at extreme pressures.
  • Inferred ion charge agrees with ab initio simulations but exceeds analytical model predictions.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides crucial experimental data on matter under extreme astrophysical conditions.
  • Observed K-shell electron delocalization challenges existing analytical models for astrophysical matter.
  • Findings advance the understanding of the equation of state and structure of dense astrophysical objects.