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Once data is collected from both the experimental and the control groups, a statistical analysis is conducted to find out if there are meaningful differences between the two groups. A statistical analysis determines how likely any difference found is due to chance (and thus not meaningful). In psychology, group differences are considered meaningful, or significant, if the odds that these differences occurred by chance alone are 5 percent or less. Stated another way, if we repeated this...
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Editorial Perspective: When is a 'small effect' actually large and impactful?

Emma Grace Carey1, Isobel Ridler2, Tamsin Jane Ford1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

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Interpreting effect sizes in psychological research requires context. Small effects can significantly impact populations, as seen in child mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Psychology and Psychiatry
  • Mental Health Research
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Effect size reporting is standard in psychology and psychiatry, but interpretation is context-dependent.
  • Small effect sizes are often deemed insignificant, potentially misrepresenting real-world impact.
  • Child and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic saw increased demand but reported small population-level effect sizes.

Discussion:

  • This review uses simulations to illustrate how small shifts in mean mental health scores can translate to substantial increases in anxiety and depression cases.
  • The study highlights the critical need to consider population-level implications when interpreting effect sizes.
  • Contextualizing 'small' effect sizes is crucial for accurate understanding of public health issues.

Key Insights:

  • A small change in average mental health scores can signify a large increase in the number of affected individuals within a population.
  • The interpretation of effect sizes must account for the scale of the population studied.
  • Research on child mental health during COVID-19 exemplifies how seemingly small effects can have significant public health consequences.

Outlook:

  • Future research should emphasize population-level impact assessments alongside traditional effect size reporting.
  • Developing nuanced guidelines for interpreting effect sizes across different research contexts is essential.
  • This approach can improve understanding and response to mental health challenges in large populations.