Clinical Characteristics and Serum Cytokines Profiling in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Lebanon

Since its emergence, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a public health threat worldwide. While the majority of patients recover in 3-4 weeks, complications in severely ill patients, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac injury, thrombosis, and sepsis, can lead to death. Several biomarkers, in addition to cytokine release syndrome (CRS), have been associated with severe and fatal outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The aim of this study is to assess clinical characteristics and cytokines profiles in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Lebanon. A total of 51 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were recruited between February 2021 and May 2022. Clinical data and sera were collected at two time points: at hospital presentation (T0) and last collected results during hospitalization (T1). Our results showed that 49% of participants were >60 years with males accounting for the majority (72.5%). Hypertension, followed by diabetes and dyslipidemia, were the most frequent comorbid conditions among study participants accounting for 56.9% and 31.4%, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the only significantly different comorbid condition between intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients. Our results also showed that the median level of D-dimer was significantly elevated among patients in ICU and those who died compared to non-ICU patients and those who survived. Moreover, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly higher at T0 compared to T1 in ICU and non-ICU patients. The median level of IL-12p70 was significantly higher in patients >60 years compared to those ≤60 years (p = 0.0209). Our data are in agreement with previous reports suggesting the importance of IL-6, CRP, and IL-12p70 in the assessment of risk of severe disease and mortality.