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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
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PD-L1: expression regulation.

Yu-Jie Zhou1, Guoli Li2,3,4, Jiyin Wang2,3,4

  • 1Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Blood Science (Baltimore, Md.)
|May 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells inhibits T-cell immunity. Understanding PD-L1 expression regulation is crucial for improving cancer immunotherapies and patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Drug discoveryEpigeneticsImmune checkpoint blockageImmunotherapyPD-L1 expression

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressed on tumor cells binds to PD-1 on T cells, inhibiting anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Tumor cells utilize PD-L1/PD-1 signaling to evade T-cell mediated immunity, contributing to cancer progression.
  • While immunotherapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis show promise, not all patients benefit, highlighting the need to understand PD-L1 regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 expression in cancer.
  • To summarize current developments in agents that block PD-L1.
  • To discuss the implications of PD-L1 regulation for cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on PD-L1 expression regulation.
  • Exploration of gene transcription, signaling pathways, epigenetic modifications, and noncoding RNAs.
  • Summary of research on PD-L1 blocking agents and immunotherapy correlations.

Main Results:

  • PD-L1 expression is regulated through multiple pathways including gene transcription, signaling cascades, histone modification, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and post-translational modifications.
  • Agents that block PD-L1 are under investigation for cancer treatment.
  • Correlations between PD-L1 expression levels and the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 targeted immunotherapies are being studied.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of PD-L1 expression regulation is essential for optimizing cancer immunotherapy.
  • Investigating PD-L1 regulation can lead to improved diagnostic markers and more effective therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into PD-L1 modulation holds significant potential for advancing cancer treatment and patient care.