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Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Primary adrenocortical carcinoma: a case report.

Durga Neupane¹, Sarada Khadka², Paricha Upadhyaya³

¹Departments of Surgery.

Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012)

|May 25, 2023

Summary

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare adrenal gland cancer. Early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach are crucial for managing this aggressive disease, especially in younger patients.

Keywords:

case report chemotherapy primary adrenocortical carcinoma tumor

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Last Updated: Jul 29, 2025

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Adrenal Gland Neoplasms

Background:

Adrenal tumors are common, with most being benign adenomas.
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with a median age of diagnosis in the fifth to sixth decade.
ACC shows a female predilection (1.5-2.5:1 ratio).

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the rarity and clinical presentation of adrenocortical carcinoma.
To emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing and managing ACC.
To discuss diagnostic methods and prognostic factors for ACC.

Main Methods:

Case presentation of a young male patient with primary ACC.
Review of clinical, radiological, and hormonal work-up for ACC diagnosis.
Discussion of diagnostic criteria including imaging and biopsy.

Main Results:

A 28-year-old male presented with symptoms suggestive of hormone excess and hypertensive emergencies, diagnosed with primary ACC.
The patient received one cycle of chemotherapy before losing follow-up.
ACC can manifest with symptoms of hormone excess like hypertension, hypokalemia, weakness, or gynecomastia.

Conclusions:

Accurate diagnosis of ACC requires a multidisciplinary team including endocrine surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and internists.
Genetic counseling is recommended for patients with ACC.
Distinguishing between malignant and benign adrenal masses through imaging and biopsy is critical for prognosis.