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Using grounded theory to develop a theory of change for a violence intervention program.

Laura A Voith1, Katie N Russell2, Hyunjune Lee2

  • 1Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences Case Western Reserve University, United States; Center on Trauma and Adversity, United States.

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Summary

Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) require clear program theories. Grounded Theory offers a non-linear approach to identify intervention mechanisms and outcomes for complex programs, improving effectiveness.

Keywords:
Complex interventionsEvaluation methodologyGrounded theoryTheory of change

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • Program Evaluation

Background:

  • Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) are vital for interrupting violence cycles.
  • HVIPs are complex interventions with multiple change mechanisms and outcomes.
  • Lack of clear program theories hinders understanding of HVIP effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe Grounded Theory as a methodology for developing program theories of change for complex interventions.
  • To illustrate the application of Grounded Theory using a case example of a HVIP.

Main Methods:

  • A four-phase approach was used: document review, interviews with developers, stakeholder focus group, and interviews with caregivers/youth.
  • Grounded Theory methodology was employed to ensure a non-linear approach grounded in lived experiences.
  • The Antifragility Initiative, a Cleveland-based HVIP, served as the case example.

Main Results:

  • A program theory of change, including a theoretical narrative and visual model, was developed for the Antifragility Initiative.
  • The developed theory identifies underlying mechanisms driving change within the HVIP.
  • The methodology engaged key stakeholders, including program developers, participants, and caregivers.

Conclusions:

  • Grounded Theory provides a robust, non-linear methodology for developing program theories of change for complex interventions like HVIPs.
  • Clearly defined program theories enhance the understanding of what works, for whom, and why in violence intervention.
  • This approach supports researchers, evaluators, and program developers in optimizing intervention strategies.