Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 29, 2025
High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
Published on: November 23, 2013
Late-Onset Anti-GABAB Receptor Encephalitis: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Differing From Early-Onset
Tangna Sun1, Daidi Zhao1, Gejuan Zhang1
1From the Department of Neurology (T.S., D.Z., J. Lu, K.R., H.L., Jun Guo), Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), Xi'an No.3 Hospital; Department of Neurology (Y.H.), Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou; Department of Neurology (Jia Guo), Lanzhou University Second Hospital; Department of Neurology (W.J.), Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University; Department of Neurology (R.J.), The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Department of Neurology (J. Liu, C.S.), The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Department of Neurology (N.B.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University; Department of Neurology (Z.L.), Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital; College of Life Sciences (Y.Y.), Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an; Department of Neurology (X.Z.), No. 940 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Lanzhou; Department of Neurology (C.Z.), Air Force Medical Center of PLA, Beijing; Department of Neurology (X.J.), Xi'an Central Hospital; Department of Neurology (B.M.), Yuncheng Central Hospital; Department of Neurology (H.T.), Xi'an North Hospital; Department of Neurology (Y.L.), Weinan Central Hospital; Department of Neurology (Z.C.), Hanzhong Central Hospital; Department of Neurology (Z.F.), The First People's Hospital of Guangyuan; and Department of Neurology (X.G.), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
Background And Objectives:
Existing evidence indicates anti-GABAB receptor encephalitis (GABABR-E) seems to occur more commonly later in life, yet the age-associated differences in clinical features and outcomes are not well determined. This study aims to explore the demographic, clinical characteristics, and prognostic differences between late-onset and early-onset GABABR-E and identify predictors of favorable long-term outcomes.
Methods:
This is an observational retrospective study conducted in 19 centers from China. Data from 62 patients with GABABR-E were compared between late-onset (aged 50 years or older) and early-onset (younger than 50 years) groups and between groups with favorable outcomes (modified Rankin scale (mRS) ≤ 2) and poor outcomes (mRS >2). Logistic regression analyses were applied to identify factors affecting long-term outcomes.
Results:
Forty-one (66.1%) patients experienced late-onset GABABR-E. A greater proportion of males, a higher mRS score at onset, higher frequencies of ICU admission and tumors, and a higher risk of death were demonstrated in the late-onset group than in the early-onset group. Compared with poor outcomes, patients with favorable outcomes had a younger onset age, a lower mRS score at onset, lower frequencies of ICU admission and tumors, and a greater proportion with immunotherapy maintenance for at least 6 months. On multivariate regression analysis, age at onset (OR, 0.849, 95% CI 0.739-0.974, p = 0.020) and the presence of underlying tumors (OR, 0.095, 95% CI 0.015-0.613, p = 0.013) were associated with poorer long-term outcomes, whereas immunotherapy maintenance for at least 6 months was associated with favorable outcomes (OR, 10.958, 95% CI 1.469-81.742, p = 0.020).
Discussion:
These results demonstrate the importance of risk stratification of GABABR-E according to age at onset. More attention should be paid to older patients especially with underlying tumors, and immunotherapy maintenance for at least 6 months is recommended to achieve a favorable outcome.
More Related Videos
08:20Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
Published on: June 2, 2022
07:20A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate NMDA Receptor in Blood
Published on: January 9, 2018
Related Concept Videos
01:18Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
01:20Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
01:14Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists
01:20Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
01:15Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
01:13Seizures: Classification
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types: