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iChip

iChip

The cultivation of environmental microorganisms has long been hindered by the inability to replicate complex native conditions in vitro. The isolation chip (iChip) addresses this limitation by facilitating the growth of previously uncultivable microorganisms through in situ incubation. Designed for high-throughput microbial cultivation, the iChip comprises hundreds of microchambers, each capable of housing a single microbial cell. These microchambers are loaded with a mixture of molten agar and...

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Microenvironments Matter: Advances in Brain-on-Chip.

Gulden Akcay¹, Regina Luttge^1,2,3

¹Neuro-Nanoscale Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering/Microsystems, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

|May 26, 2023

Summary

Engineered microenvironments and brainoids offer advanced in vitro models for understanding brain structure and function. These methods overcome challenges in composition and functionality for studying healthy and diseased brain states.

Keywords:

Brain-on-Chip instructive microenvironment microfabrication

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomaterials Engineering
Stem Cell Biology

Background:

The human brain's complex organization necessitates advanced modeling techniques.
Understanding regional stiffness gradients and cellular diversity is crucial for brain emulation.
Mechanical properties significantly influence neuronal cell responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the state-of-the-art in engineered instructive microenvironments for brain modeling.
To highlight the essential parameters for in vitro brain emulation.
To discuss advancements in modeling brain composition and functionality.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on engineered instructive microenvironments.
Analysis of brainoids derived from human-derived pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).
Integration of brainoids with Brain-on-Chip (BoC) platforms and 3D-printed gels.

Main Results:

Engineered microenvironments and brainoids represent a significant leap in brain modeling.
Advanced in vitro methods offer improved cost-effectiveness, ease-of-use, and availability.
These platforms facilitate the study of neuronal responses to mechanical properties.

Conclusions:

Novel perspectives for advancing instructive microenvironments in Brain-on-Chip technology.
Enhanced understanding of brain cellular functions in both healthy and diseased states.
The reviewed methods provide a foundation for future in vitro brain research.