Mycotic Diseases in Chelonians.

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Mycology
• Herpetology
• Conservation Biology

Background:

• Chelonian populations are declining globally due to habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, and exploitation.
• Fungal infections (mycoses) pose a significant threat to Chelonian health and ecosystem stability.
• Understanding these mycoses is crucial for conservation efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a narrative review of conventional and emerging mycoses affecting Chelonians (turtles and tortoises).
• To identify key fungal pathogens, including opportunistic and primary agents.
• To summarize current knowledge on treatments and outcomes for Chelonian mycoses.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of scientific publications on Chelonian mycoses.
• Synthesis of data on fungal agents, host species, and disease presentation.
• Analysis of factors contributing to mycoses, such as husbandry and environmental changes.

Main Results:

• Conventional mycoses in captive Chelonians are often linked to poor husbandry, with opportunistic pathogens like *Purpureocillium lilacinum* being common.
• Emerging fungal threats include the *Fusarium solani* species complex, acting as primary pathogens and impacting aquatic species.
• *Emydomyces testavorans* is identified as an emerging threat with limited epidemiological data.

Conclusions:

• Fungal infections are a critical threat to Chelonian conservation, necessitating further research into emerging pathogens.
• The *Fusarium solani* species complex represents a significant One Health issue in Chelonian populations.
• Improved husbandry and targeted interventions are essential for managing mycoses and protecting Chelonian species.