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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Metacognition
  • Decision-Making

Background:

  • Metacognitive awareness is crucial for understanding reasoning performance.
  • The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) presents challenges that pit intuition against deliberation.
  • Overconfidence in judgments can stem from various cognitive processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate metacognitive awareness of reasoning performance on CRT problems.
  • To compare confidence judgments for CRT problems versus general knowledge (GK) questions.
  • To explore the relationship between confidence, accuracy, and cognitive conflict in CRT.

Main Methods:

  • Four studies were conducted, comparing confidence judgments on CRT and GK questions.
  • Participants provided confidence ratings for their answers to both types of questions.
  • Analysis focused on the relationship between confidence levels and response accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Discrimination between correct and incorrect answers was imperfect and greater for GK than CRT.
  • Incorrect CRT responses were confidently held, similar to correct GK responses.
  • Confidence was highest for correct CRT responses, but still lower than for correct GK responses.

Conclusions:

  • Metacognitive awareness of reasoning is limited for CRT problems due to intuitive-deliberative conflict.
  • High confidence in incorrect CRT answers contributes to overconfidence.
  • Findings support implicit error monitoring and dual-process models of overconfidence.