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Related Concept Videos

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
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Introduction to Lymphatic and Immune System01:22

Introduction to Lymphatic and Immune System

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Immunity is a crucial biological concept about our body's inherent capacity to prevent infections and diseases. A complex network of cells and tissues collectively known as the immune system facilitates this natural defense mechanism. The immune system plays an integral role in maintaining our health and well-being, shielding us from potential health threats.
The immune responses can be categorized into two types: innate and adaptive. Innate immunity comprises nonspecific defenses we are...
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Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System01:28

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

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The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bolstering our immune system. It consists of a network of lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels that provide structural and functional support in safeguarding the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
The primary lymphoid organs, including the bone marrow and the thymus, serve as the maturation sites for lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs, like the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, activate these lymphocytes and serve as...
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Visualizing Lymph Node Structure and Cellular Localization using Ex-Vivo Confocal Microscopy
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Visualizing Lymph Node Structure and Cellular Localization using Ex-Vivo Confocal Microscopy

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New tools for immunologists: models of lymph node function from cells to tissues.

Tochukwu Ozulumba1, Alyssa N Montalbine1,2, Jennifer E Ortiz-Cárdenas1,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

New in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico models offer advanced methods for studying lymph node biology and immune responses. These tools enable detailed analysis of cell behavior and spatiotemporal dynamics, advancing human immunology research.

Keywords:
3D cultureex vivo modelhuman immunologyin silico modelin vitro modellymphoid follicleorgan-on-chip (OoC)vaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Bioengineering

Background:

  • Lymph nodes are crucial for adaptive immunity, relying on precise cell organization and signaling.
  • Traditional in vivo animal models have limitations for studying human immune responses under controlled conditions.
  • Novel technologies are needed to investigate lymph node cell behavior and dynamics, especially for human immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico technologies for studying lymph node structure and function.
  • To discuss the application of these models in analyzing cell behaviors from motility to organ-level functions.
  • To identify challenges and propose future research directions in lymph node research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing and novel technologies for lymph node research.
  • Categorization of models based on complexity: cell motility, cell-cell interactions, organ-level functions.
  • Discussion of challenges in cell sourcing, culture, in vivo measurements, and data analysis.

Main Results:

  • A suite of in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico models are presented for studying lymph node components and functions.
  • These models allow for controlled experimental perturbations to test cell behavior and spatiotemporal dynamics.
  • The review highlights the progression of complexity in modeling, from single cell behaviors to vaccination responses.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging technologies provide powerful new tools for dissecting lymph node biology and immune responses.
  • Addressing challenges in cell sourcing, real-time measurements, and data analysis is key for future advancements.
  • These models hold significant promise for advancing our understanding of human immunology and developing new therapies.