Effects of Fe oxides and their redox cycling on Cd activity in paddy soils: A review

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of soils is a global problem, particularly in paddy soils. Fe oxides, as a key fraction of paddy soils, can significantly affect the environmental behavior of Cd, which is controlled by complicated environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically collect and generalize relevant knowledge, which can provide more insight into the migration mechanism of Cd and a theoretical basis for future remediation of Cd contaminated paddy soils. This paper summarized that (1) Fe oxides influence Cd activity through adsorption, complexation, and coprecipitation during transformation; (2) compared with the flooded period, the activity of Cd during the drainage period is stronger in paddy soils, and the affinity of different Fe components for Cd was distinct; (3) Fe plaque reduced Cd activity but was associated with plant Fe²⁺ nutritional status; (4) the physicochemical properties of paddy soils have the greatest impact on the interaction between Fe oxides and Cd, especially with pH and water fluctuations.