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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
GPI-anchor structure
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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
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Organelle Membrane Extensions in Mammalian Cells.

Ruth E Carmichael1, David M Richards2,3, H Dariush Fahimi4

  • 1Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.

Biology
|May 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular organelles like peroxisomes and mitochondria dynamically extend membrane tubules. These protrusions aid in inter-organelle communication, biogenesis, metabolism, and cellular protection, offering efficient environmental exploration.

Keywords:
membrane dynamicsmembrane protrusionmitochondriananotubuleorganelle interactionorganellesperoxisomes

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic organelles are dynamic, not static, compartments.
  • Organelle membrane protrusions are increasingly recognized for their roles.
  • Peroxisomes and mitochondria exhibit such dynamic membrane extensions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on organelle membrane protrusions in mammalian cells.
  • To focus on peroxisomal and mitochondrial membrane extensions.
  • To explore their formation, properties, functions, and underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of morphological and molecular studies.
  • Summary of known mechanisms for extension and retraction.
  • Presentation of a mathematical model for organelle exploration.

Main Results:

  • Organelle membrane protrusions are diverse and dynamic.
  • Mechanisms involve membrane remodeling, pulling forces, and lipid flow.
  • A mathematical model suggests protrusions facilitate efficient environmental exploration.

Conclusions:

  • Organelle membrane protrusions play crucial roles in cellular functions.
  • These include inter-organelle communication, biogenesis, metabolism, and protection.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand these dynamic structures.