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Updated: Jul 29, 2025

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Multi-Response Optimization of High-Performance Low-pH Grouting Materials by Using Taguchi-Based Grey Relational

Zengzeng Ren1, Weiquan Zhao1, Ju Wang2,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resource and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study developed an enhanced low-pH grouting material for radioactive waste repositories using microfine cement and silica fume. The optimized mixture demonstrated improved strength and stability, maintaining a pH below 11 for long-term safety.

Keywords:
Taguchi–Grey relational analysisaluminum sulfatelow-pH grouting materialsmicrofine cementorthogonal testsilica fumeslurry performance

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Nuclear Engineering

Background:

  • Low-pH grouting materials are crucial for sealing high-level radioactive waste repositories (HLRWs).
  • Microfine cement (MC) and silica fume (SF) form the basis of widely used binary low-pH grouting materials (MCSF64).
  • Enhancing the performance of MCSF64 is essential for repository integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-performance MCSF64-based grouting material.
  • To optimize the mix proportion of MCSF64 with naphthalene superplasticizer (NSP), aluminum sulfate (AS), and united expansion agent (UEA).
  • To evaluate the rheological, mechanical, and durability properties of the developed grouting material.

Main Methods:

  • Orthogonal experiments were used to systematically vary component ratios and assess slurry properties.
  • Taguchi-Grey relational analysis determined the optimal mix proportion.
  • Rheological properties were modeled using the Bingham model.
  • Simplified ex-situ leaching (S-ESL), length comparometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated hardened slurry characteristics.

Main Results:

  • The Bingham model accurately predicted the rheological behavior of the MCSF64-based slurry.
  • The optimal mix comprised a water/binder ratio of 1.4, with 1.9% NSP, 3.6% AS, and 4.8% UEA by binder mass.
  • The optimal mix maintained a pore solution pH below 11 after 120 days of curing.
  • AS and UEA addition improved hydration, reduced setting time, increased early shear strength, and enhanced expansion.

Conclusions:

  • A high-performance, low-pH grouting material was successfully developed for HLRWs.
  • The optimized MCSF64-based slurry exhibits favorable rheological and mechanical properties.
  • The material demonstrates long-term pH stability and improved durability, crucial for nuclear waste containment.