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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

333
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
333
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
409
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

648
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
648
Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

916
Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
916
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

528
The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy
07:12

Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy

Published on: September 27, 2021

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Real-Time Monitoring Platform for Ocular Drug Delivery.

Sahar Awwad1,2,3, Nkiruka Ibeanu1,2,3, Tianyang Liu1,2

  • 1Optceutics Ltd., 28a Menelik Road, London NW2 3RP, UK.

Pharmaceutics
|May 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel real-time monitoring platform, the PK-Eye™, was developed for in vitro human eye drug testing. This system enables parallel drug characterization and quality control, advancing preclinical ocular formulation assessment.

Keywords:
automationconcentration probesmicrofluidicsocularophthalmologypharmaceutical testingreal-time monitoringsaccades

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacokinetics

Background:

  • Real-time measurement is crucial for drug characterization and quality control in dissolution testing.
  • Existing in vitro models often lack the dynamic physiological conditions of the human eye.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a real-time monitoring platform integrated with an in vitro human eye model (PK-Eye™).
  • To assess the platform's capability for parallel drug characterization, quality control, and preclinical testing of ocular formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a microfluidic system, eye movement platform with sensors, and concentration probe setup.
  • Utilized a "pursing model" to determine surface membrane permeability.
  • Implemented parallel microfluidic control for scalability and reproducibility.
  • Incorporated a circadian rhythm program for aqueous humor flow simulation.
  • Validated intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humor flow rate simulation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved physiological intraocular pressure (IOP) by optimizing pore size and surface area in the PK-Eye™ model.
  • Demonstrated scalability and reproducibility of pressure-flow dynamics.
  • Successfully simulated diurnal variations in aqueous humor flow rate.
  • Recorded real-time concentration monitoring of Alexa albumin, showing constant release profiles.
  • Validated the platform's ability to replicate programmed eye movements.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PK-Eye™ platform enables real-time monitoring for preclinical testing of ocular formulations.
  • The system offers a scalable and reproducible method for assessing drug release and eye physiology in vitro.
  • This technology advances parallel drug characterization and quality control for ophthalmic products.