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Cheiloscopy in sex estimation: a systematic review.

Tânia Chaves1, Álvaro Azevedo2,3,4, Inês Morais Caldas5,6,7

  • 1Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

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Cheiloscopy, the study of lip prints, cannot reliably determine sex. This systematic review found no specific lip print patterns unique to males or females, limiting its forensic application for sex estimation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Anthropology

Background:

  • Cheiloscopy, the analysis of lip prints, is a forensic technique.
  • Its utility in sex estimation remains debated within the scientific community.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing literature on cheiloscopy for sex estimation.
  • To identify reasons for the lack of scientific consensus.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Bibliographic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010-2020).
  • Data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and descriptive synthesis of 41 studies.

Main Results:

  • Identified methodological flaws and variations across studies.
  • No specific lip print patterns were found to be exclusively associated with either sex.
  • Significant discrepancies exist in the reported reliability of cheiloscopy for sex determination.

Conclusions:

  • Current scientific evidence does not support the use of cheiloscopy for reliable sex estimation.
  • The absence of distinct sex-specific lip print patterns diminishes its value in forensic investigations for this purpose.