Sequential pulse defibrillation for implantable defibrillators

A technique is described that reduces defibrillation threshold for automatic implantable defibrillators, permits either reducing the size of the pulse generator or increasing the effectiveness of the pulse generator, and provides an increased safety factor. Defibrillation threshold was compared in 12 anesthetized dogs with mean (+/- SD) body weight of 21.6 +/- 3.4 kg for two defibrillating modalities: 1) single pulse technique with current flowing from electrodes in the right ventricle to electrodes either in the superior vena cava or on the left ventricular epicardium, and 2) sequential pulse technique. The sequential pulse technique tested uses two pulses and three or four electrodes. Current of the first 5-ms pulse flows from the superior vena caval electrode to an electrode in the right ventricle, and after a 1-ms interval, current of the second pulse flows from electrodes on the left ventricular epicardium to the right ventricular electrode. Ventricular defibrillation threshold was reduced by 56% to 6.3 +/- 1.03 joules (mean +/- SEM) (P less than 0.01). Because defibrillation threshold is less for sequential pulse defibrillation than for conventional techniques, sequential pulse defibrillators can be smaller and more effective than previously available devices.