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Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...

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Exploring X Chromosomal Aberrations in Ovarian Cells by Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Exploring X Chromosomal Aberrations in Ovarian Cells by Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Published on: April 7, 2023

Human rights approaches to reducing infertility.

Payal K Shah¹, Jaime M Gher^1,2

¹International Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

|May 29, 2023

Summary

Globally, one in six people face infertility. A new United Nations report clarifies states' legal duties to prevent infertility, ensure treatment access, and protect individuals from harm and discrimination.

Keywords:

assisted reproductive technologies discrimination in health care human rights infertility medical ethics reproductive autonomy

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Human Rights Law
Reproductive Health

Background:

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates one in six individuals globally experience infertility.
Many nations lack clarity on their responsibilities concerning infertility prevention, treatment access, and mitigating harm.
Infertility disproportionately affects certain groups due to stigma, violence, and discriminatory stereotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR) report on states' legal obligations regarding infertility.
To clarify the responsibilities of states in preventing infertility, ensuring access to treatment, and addressing negative consequences.
To inform healthcare providers about the report's implications for their role in care and advocacy.

Main Methods:

Analysis of the OHCHR research paper on states' legal obligations concerning infertility.
Review of WHO estimates on global infertility prevalence.
Synthesis of the report's findings regarding prevention, treatment, and harm reduction.

Main Results:

The OHCHR report emphasizes states' legal obligations to prevent infertility by addressing root causes.
States are mandated to ensure access to infertility diagnosis and treatment.
The report highlights the necessity for states to combat stigma, violence, and discrimination linked to infertility.

Conclusions:

States have clear legal obligations to address infertility comprehensively, from prevention to treatment and support.
Healthcare providers play a crucial role in delivering care and advocating for policy reforms related to infertility.
Implementing the OHCHR recommendations is vital for protecting the rights and well-being of individuals experiencing infertility.