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Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
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Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase the efficiency of the reversal, that is, maximize the work retrieved from heat. If the efficiency of a heat engine were 100%, it would imply reversing the process completely without introducing any other effect. Thus, it would violate the second law of thermodynamics.
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The hypothetical Carnot cycle consists of an ideal gas subjected to two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature, which is the same before and after the completion of the Carnot cycle, there is no change in its internal energy. Hence, using the first law of thermodynamics, the total heat exchanged by the ideal gas equals the total work done. Thus, we can quantify the efficiency of the Carnot cycle via the heat exchanged...
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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in several different ways, and all of them can be shown to imply the others. The Clausius’ statement of the second law of thermodynamics is based on the irreversibility of spontaneous heat flow. It states that heat will not flow from the colder body to the hotter body unless some other process is involved. Additionally, as per the Kelvin’s statement, it is impossible to convert the heat from a single source into work without any other...
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An inductor is ingeniously crafted to accumulate energy within its magnetic field. This field is a direct result of the current that meanders through its coiled structure. When this current maintains a steady state, there is no detectable voltage across the inductor, prompting it to mimic the behavior of a short circuit when faced with direct current.
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Using existing cold stores as thermal energy storage.

Kristian Svane1, Peter Enevoldsen1, George Xydis2

  • 1Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Birk Centerpark 15, 7400, Herning, Denmark.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
|May 29, 2023
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Summary

Industrial cold stores can function as thermal energy storage. Optimizing cooling schedules during low electricity prices offers significant savings and grid flexibility, potentially reaching 40% with accurate forecasting.

Keywords:
Cold storeEnergy storageIndustrial refrigerationThermal energy storage

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Area of Science:

  • Energy storage
  • Thermal energy systems
  • Grid flexibility

Background:

  • Industrial cold stores represent significant untapped thermal energy storage potential.
  • Flexible energy consumption is crucial for grid stability and integrating renewable energy sources.
  • Current cold store operations often lack optimized energy management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of industrial cold stores as passive thermal energy storage.
  • To quantify the economic benefits of load shifting in cold stores based on electricity prices.
  • To assess the contribution of cold stores to grid flexibility and renewable energy integration.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of thermal energy storage capabilities in industrial cold stores.
  • Modeling of load shifting strategies based on electricity price forecasting (elspot price).
  • Case study implementation and data analysis of optimized cooling operations.
  • Estimation of potential energy savings and grid impact.

Main Results:

  • A case study demonstrated potential electricity cost savings of up to 30% through optimized cooling.
  • Accurate electricity price forecasting could increase savings to 40%.
  • Utilizing Denmark's cold store capacity could support 2% of average wind electricity production.

Conclusions:

  • Industrial cold stores offer a viable solution for passive thermal energy storage and grid flexibility.
  • Implementing predictive energy management in cold stores presents a strong business case.
  • Further data monitoring and control are essential for maximizing benefits while ensuring food safety.