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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
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UNILATERAL VS. DIFFUSE CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS.

Antonela Vrljičak1, Ana Penezić2, Tomislav Gregurić3

  • 1Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia.

Acta Clinica Croatica
|May 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study found mild correlations between chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) severity and symptoms like nasal obstruction and smell loss. Sinusitis distribution showed minimal impact on symptom occurrence in patients without nasal polyposis.

Keywords:
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)Clinical symptomsLund-Mackay score (LM score)Visual analog scale (VAS)

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects many, characterized by prolonged nasal inflammation and symptoms like obstruction and facial pain.
  • Current diagnostic and treatment approaches for CRS are insufficient, leading to misdiagnosis in many patients.
  • CRS without nasal polyposis represents a significant patient subgroup with varied symptom presentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between the extent of paranasal sinus inflammation (mucositis) and the severity of clinical symptoms in CRS patients without nasal polyposis.
  • To evaluate the correlation between objective measures of sinusitis (Lund-Mackay score) and subjective patient-reported symptoms (VAS scale).

Main Methods:

  • 150 patients diagnosed with CRS without nasal polyposis according to EPOS guidelines were included.
  • Computerized tomography (CT) scans of paranasal sinuses were evaluated using the Lund-Mackay scoring system.
  • Patients completed a visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaire to assess symptom severity.

Main Results:

  • A low positive correlation was observed between nasal secretion and Lund-Mackay scores for the bilateral ostiomeatal complex (OMC).
  • Mild positive correlations were found between reduced sense of smell and inflammation severity in anterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses.
  • A low negative correlation existed between facial pain/pressure severity and inflammation in the anterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses.
  • No significant differences in subjective symptom severity were found between unilateral and non-unilateral inflammation, except for cough.

Conclusions:

  • The correlations between mucositis severity and clinical symptoms in CRS without nasal polyposis are generally weak and not clinically significant.
  • The anatomical distribution of sinusitis does not appear to significantly influence the occurrence of characteristic symptoms in this patient group.
  • Further research may be needed to fully understand the complex relationship between objective sinus inflammation and subjective symptom experience in CRS.