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Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.

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Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton

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Published on: June 16, 2016

Exoskeleton gait training with spinal cord neuromodulation.

Yury Ivanenko¹, Elena Y Shapkova^2,3, Daria A Petrova⁴

¹IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

|May 30, 2023

Summary

Combining spinal cord electrical stimulation (SCES) with exoskeleton gait training (EGT) shows synergistic effects for restoring function in individuals with gait deficits. Personalized therapy requires assessing individual spinal circuitry for optimal SCES and EGT application.

Keywords:

exoskeleton gait neuromodulation of spinal networks neurorehabilitation spinal cord injury

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Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

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Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: February 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Medicine
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Spinal cord electrical stimulation (SCES) aids in restoring function for individuals with gait deficits.
SCES alone has limited efficacy without concurrent locomotor training to enhance spinal neuronal plasticity via sensory feedback.
Activity-dependent plasticity is crucial for effective neuromodulation of the locomotor network.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in combined interventions for neuromodulating the locomotor network.
To discuss the integration of SCES with exoskeleton gait training (EGT).
To highlight the importance of personalized therapy development through physiological assessment of spinal circuitry.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on combined SCES and EGT interventions.
Discussion of physiologically relevant approaches for assessing spinal cord function.
Analysis of individual characteristics of spinal circuitry for personalized therapy.

Main Results:

Combined SCES and EGT demonstrate a synergistic rehabilitative effect.
The combination therapy aids in restoring walking abilities.
Improvements observed in somatic sensation, cardiovascular, and bladder function in paralyzed individuals.

Conclusions:

Integrating SCES with EGT offers a promising approach for gait restoration.
Personalized therapeutic strategies are essential for maximizing the benefits of SCES and EGT.
Combined interventions show potential for comprehensive functional recovery in individuals with paralysis.