Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques

Project-Based Learning Guidelines for Health Sciences Students: An Analysis with Data Mining and Qualitative Techniques

Published on: December 9, 2022

Predicting factors influencing perceived online learning experience among primary students utilizing structural

Yoshiki B Kurata¹, Ardvin Kester S Ong², Jairus J Joyosa³

¹Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Manila 1015, Philippines.

European Review of Applied Psychology = Revue Europeenne De Psychologie Appliquee

|May 30, 2023

Abstract

Introduction:

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the temporary closure of educational institutions led to the adoption of remote or online learning delivery. Challenges, especially for grade schools were evident.

Objective:

This study aimed to identify factors affecting the perceived online discussion experience of Filipino primary students through distance learning in the National Capital Region, Philippines.

Method:

Variables such as cognitive presence, teaching presence, social presence, and online discussion experience were investigated simultaneously by utilizing the structural equation modeling (SEM) and random forest classifier (RFC) approach. A total of 385 currently enrolled Filipino grade school student participants were surveyed.

Results:

Results show that cognitive presence has the most significant impact on the perceived online discussion experience, followed by teaching presence, and social presence. This study is the first study that analyzed the online discussion experience among grade school students in online education in the Philippines considering SEM and RFC. It was seen that highly significant factors such as teaching presence, cognitive presence, social presence, triggering events, and exploration will lead to high and very high learning experience with grade school students.

Conclusion:

The findings of this study would be significant for teachers, educational institutions, and government agencies to improve the online delivery of primary education in the country. In addition, this study presents a reliable model and results which can be extended and applied for academicians, educational institutions, and the education sector to develop ways in enhancing the online delivery of primary education worldwide.

Keywords:

COVID-19 Community of Inquiry Distance learning Online discussion experience Structural equation modeling

More Related Videos

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

Related Concept Videos

Observational Learning

Observational Learning

Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...

Factors Affecting Perception

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...

Steps in the Modeling Process

Steps in the Modeling Process

Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
Attention is the first necessary component for observational learning. It involves focusing on what the model is doing and saying. For example, if you decide to take a drawing class to enhance your skills, you need to pay close attention to the instructor's words and hand movements. The characteristics of the model significantly...

Group Design

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...

Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality

Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality

Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...

Factorial Design

Factorial Design

Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Retraction notice to "Predicting factors influencing perceived online learning experience among primary students utilizing structural equation modeling forest classifier approach" [ERAP 73 (2023) 100868].

European review of applied psychology = Revue europeenne de psychologie appliquee·2026

Retraction notice to "Determining factors affecting the perceived usability of air pollution detection mobile application "AirVisual" in Thailand: A structural equation model forest classifier approach" [Heliyon 8 (2022) e12538].

Heliyon·2026

Retraction notice to "How important is the tuition fee during the COVID-19 pandemic in a developing country? Evaluation of filipinos' preferences on public university attributes using conjoint analysis" [Heliyon 8 (2022) e11205].

Heliyon·2026

Retraction notice to "Determination of factors affecting customer satisfaction towards "maynilad" water utility company: A structural equation modeling-deep learning neural network hybrid approach" [Heliyon 9 (2023) e13798].

Heliyon·2026

Commuters' acceptance of autonomous taxis: A PLS-SEM case study on sustainable transportation in the Philippines.

Acta psychologica·2026

Factors influencing behavioral intention to use adaptive learning systems: Integrating self-determination theory and the unified model of technology acceptance.

Acta psychologica·2026

See all related articles