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A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

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Functional Cognition: Distinct From Fluid and Crystallized Cognition?

Carolyn M Baum¹, Stephen C L Lau², Allen W Heinemann³

¹Carolyn M. Baum, PhD, is Professor, Program in Occupational Therapy, Department of Neurology, Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO; baumc@wustl.edu.

The American Journal of Occupational Therapy : Official Publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association

|May 30, 2023

Summary

Functional cognition is a distinct cognitive construct, separate from fluid and crystallized abilities. This finding supports occupational therapists in evaluating and treating cognitive deficits for improved daily functioning and community reintegration.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Functional cognition is increasingly recognized as crucial in occupational therapy.
Understanding its relationship with established cognitive constructs is vital for defining the profession's unique contributions.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if functional cognition is a distinct construct separate from crystallized and fluid cognitive abilities.
To clarify the role of functional cognition in occupational therapy practice.

Main Methods:

Secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study involving 493 adults with spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, or stroke.
Utilized exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using data from the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery and the Executive Function Performance Test.

Main Results:

EFA identified three distinct factors: crystallized cognition, fluid cognition, and functional cognition.
CFA supported a second-order model where these three constructs hierarchically contribute to a general cognitive factor.

Conclusions:

This study provides evidence that functional cognition is a unique construct, distinct from executive function, fluid cognition, and crystallized cognition.
Establishing functional cognition as a separate construct supports occupational therapists in evaluating and treating deficits, aiding patient recovery and community reintegration.