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Related Concept Videos

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.6K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

28.6K
Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
28.6K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

5.6K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
5.6K
Lewis Acids and Bases02:16

Lewis Acids and Bases

14.1K
This lesson delves into Lewis acids and bases in the context of the octet rule for electron-deficient compounds. Here, the concept is discussed, emphasizing the group 13 elements like boron or aluminium. Since group 13 elements possess three valence electrons, they form trivalent compounds with a sextet of electrons and a vacant orbital for the central atom. Consequently, these electron-deficient compounds accept electrons from other species to complete their octet in a chemical reaction. They...
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Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing
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Vanadium Diboride (VB2) for NO Electroreduction to NH3.

Guike Zhang1, Nana Zhang1, Yali Guo1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.

Inorganic Chemistry
|May 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Vanadium diboride (VB2) is an effective electrocatalyst for nitrogen monoxide (NO) to ammonia (NH3) electroreduction (NORR). VB2 exhibits high NH3 selectivity and yield, making it a promising material for NORR applications.

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Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Nitrogen monoxide (NO) electroreduction to ammonia (NH3) is a critical process for nitrogen management and sustainable chemical synthesis.
  • Developing efficient and selective electrocatalysts for NO electroreduction (NORR) remains a significant challenge.
  • Existing catalysts often suffer from low activity, poor selectivity, or competition from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate vanadium diboride (VB2) as a novel electrocatalyst for the electroreduction of nitrogen monoxide (NO) to ammonia (NH3).
  • To evaluate the catalytic performance of VB2 in terms of Faradaic efficiency and yield rate for NH3 production.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanism of VB2-catalyzed NORR using theoretical calculations.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.
  • Ammonia quantification using techniques such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to study reaction pathways and active sites.

Main Results:

  • VB2 demonstrated high NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 89.6% at -0.5 V vs RHE.
  • The highest NH3 yield rate achieved was 198.3 μmol h-1 cm-2.
  • Theoretical calculations identified boron (B) sites in VB2 as the key active centers for NORR.

Conclusions:

  • VB2 is a highly efficient electrocatalyst for NO-to-NH3 electroreduction (NORR).
  • The B sites in VB2 facilitate NORR protonation energetics and suppress hydrogen evolution, enhancing activity and selectivity.
  • VB2 presents a promising pathway for developing advanced catalysts for sustainable ammonia synthesis.