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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Forty thousand kilometers under quantum protection.

N S Kirsanov1, V A Pastushenko1, A D Kodukhov1

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This study introduces a new method for secure quantum communication, overcoming distance limitations by using quantum thermodynamics and optical amplifiers. This breakthrough promises scalable quantum-resistant networks for the future.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Cryptography
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Quantum key distribution (QKD) faces limitations in secure communication distance due to signal decay.
  • Current solutions like quantum repeaters are technologically challenging for long distances.
  • Quantum computing advances necessitate robust quantum-resistant communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the distance limitations in quantum key distribution.
  • To develop a novel approach for secure long-distance quantum communication.
  • To enable scalable quantum-resistant communication networks.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging the quantum foundations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
  • Implementing end-to-end physical oversight of transmitted optical quantum states.
  • Utilizing optical amplifiers to repeat quantum states while preserving wave properties and phase coherence.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a method for quantum state repetition using optical amplifiers.
  • Maintained quantum states' wave properties and phase coherence during repetition.
  • Achieved an unprecedented secure distance range for quantum communication.

Conclusions:

  • The novel approach overcomes critical distance limitations in QKD.
  • This method provides a foundation for secure, long-distance quantum communication.
  • Enables the development of future scalable quantum-resistant communication networks.