Environmentally friendly and novel solid-liquid phase microextraction of maneb fungicide in fruits and vegetables

The dithiocarbamates class has been widely used in agriculture practices because of lower toxicity and instability than organophosphates and carbamates. Among them, the maneb has been used to produce several fruits and vegetables, but its high ingestion can adversely affect human health. This work developed the Solid-Liquid Phase Microextraction (SLPME) for extraction of the maneb in foods sample with posterior determination by Flow injection analysis-Flame Absorption Atomic Spectroscopy (FIA-FAAS). Curve analytical had a linear range from 0.9 to 20.0 µmol L^-1 maneb (A = 5.94 × 10^-4 C (µmol L^-1) + 6.93 × 10^-4), good repeatability (4.07%) and reproducibility (3.39%), limits of quantification (5.98 µmol L^-1) and detection (0.197 µmol L^-1), which was above of the established by regulatory agencies. The extraction of the maneb was performed using 685 µL of the solution of the 1.00 × 10^-3 mol L^-1 of EDTA, and it has excellent recovery values from 80.85 to 106.51%. Therefore, the developed SLPME demonstrated an alternative environmentally friendly for quickly extracting maneb from food samples (apple, papaya, and tomato).