Harnessing abiotic organic chemistry in living systems for biomedical applications

Living systems are composed of a complex network of bioactive small molecules, proteins, ions and electrons, which present a wealth of opportunities for researchers to explore. Recently, organic chemists have developed a keen interest to move chemical reactions from laboratory flasks into living systems. This offers a new avenue for addressing challenges in current organic chemistry, expands the range of chemical transformations accessible to living systems, and provides a versatile tool for understanding and manipulating living systems. In this tutorial review, we include both the fundamental mechanisms and specific examples of how chemical reactions that typically occur outside of the biological context can be adapted for use within living systems. We also highlight the use of the resulting functional organic materials for biomedical applications including but not limited to imaging, therapy, theranostics and organic electronics. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future perspectives in this exciting field. We envision this tutorial review will serve as a guide for designing new chemical reactions and pathways in living systems that can expand the range of biological processes and functions and will accelerate the development of new biomaterials, biocatalysts, and therapeutics for precision medicine and other social needs.