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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

Patterns of Fever

Patterns of Fever

Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.

Viral Mutations

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...

Types of Fever

Types of Fever

Fever can be triggered by several factors, including infections, nervous system disorders, certain cancers, blood diseases like leukemia, embolism, thrombosis, heatstroke, dehydration, surgical trauma, crushing injuries, and allergic reactions.
Here are the different types of fever:

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

[Deadliest flu].

Comptes Rendus Biologies

|May 31, 2023

Summary

The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Virology
Public Health History

Context:

The 1918 influenza pandemic, often misnamed "Spanish" flu, remains a significant historical event.
Despite extensive research, key questions about its origins, mortality, and virulence persist.

Purpose:

To synthesize current knowledge on the 1918 influenza pandemic.
To address unresolved questions regarding the pandemic's geographic origin.
To clarify the estimated global death toll and explore factors contributing to its extreme lethality.

Summary:

Investigates the debated origins of the 1918 influenza pandemic, exploring potential starting points.
Reviews and analyzes estimates of the total number of fatalities worldwide.
Examines the unique characteristics and contributing factors that made the 1918 pandemic exceptionally deadly.

Keywords:

Contagion Grippe espagnole Mortalité Pandémie Virulence Épidémiologie

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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

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Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

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Last Updated: Jul 28, 2025

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

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Published on: November 10, 2023

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

Impact:

Provides a consolidated overview of the state of knowledge on critical aspects of the 1918 pandemic.
Highlights areas requiring further research to fully understand this devastating global health crisis.
Informs future pandemic preparedness strategies by analyzing historical data on influenza virulence and spread.