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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Traditional bone setter practices and the interaction with biomedical care in the treatment of hip fractures in The Gambia: A qualitative study.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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The core outcomes for open lower limb fracture study.

Alexander L Aquilina1,2, Harry Claireaux1, Christian O Aquilina3

  • 1Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Bone & Joint Research
|May 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study recommends the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) for measuring core outcomes in adult open lower limb fractures. These instruments will aid in assessing mobility and quality of life post-injury.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Clinical Research Methodology

Background:

  • A core outcome set for adult open lower limb fractures includes walking, gait, mobility, return to life roles, pain, and quality of life.
  • Identifying validated outcome measurement instruments (OMIs) for these core outcomes is crucial for consistent research and clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and recommend suitable OMIs for measuring the established core outcome set in adult open lower limb fractures.
  • To evaluate existing instruments and shortlist potential candidates for measuring key recovery aspects.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review and quality assessment identified OMIs with good measurement properties in the target population.
  • Shortlisting criteria were developed for instruments not yet validated in open lower limb fractures.
  • A consensus meeting with patients, healthcare professionals, and methodologists finalized OMI recommendations.

Main Results:

  • The Wales Lower Limb Trauma Recovery scale was validated in the population. Ten candidate OMIs met shortlisting criteria.
  • Consensus was reached for the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) for 'Walking, gait and mobility' and the EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) for 'Quality of life'.
  • No instrument achieved consensus for 'Return to life roles' or 'Pain or discomfort', though EQ-5D-5L was pragmatically suggested with limitations.

Conclusions:

  • The LEFS and EQ-5D-5L are recommended for measuring key outcomes in adult open lower limb fracture research and clinical practice.
  • These instruments provide a foundation for consistent assessment of mobility and quality of life in this patient group.