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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers
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CD4+ T Cell Epitope Identification from Complex Parasite Antigen Mixtures.

Miguel Álvaro-Benito1, Friederike Ebner2, Miriam Bertazzon3

  • 1Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. m.alvaro@fu-berlin.de.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|May 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a pipeline to assess CD4+ T cell immunogenicity in complex antigens, crucial for vaccine development. The method uses mass spectrometry, in vitro processing, bioinformatics, and ex vivo validation to prioritize and confirm immunogenic peptides.

Keywords:
Antigen presentationAscaris spp. parasitesCD4+ T cell reactivityComplex antigen mixturesExcretory-secretory products (ES)MHC IIReconstitution in vitro antigen processing

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccine Development
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Antigen complexity poses challenges for determining CD4+ T cell immunogenicity.
  • Accurate immunogenicity scoring is vital for advancing vaccine design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a comprehensive pipeline for analyzing complex antigens.
  • To overcome limitations in assessing T cell immunogenicity.
  • To prioritize and validate immunogenic candidate peptides.

Main Methods:

  • Antigen characterization using Mass Spectrometry for protein source and abundance.
  • In vitro antigen processing system combined with bioinformatics for candidate prioritization.
  • Ex vivo validation of peptide immunogenicity using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HLA-typed individuals.

Main Results:

  • A systematic approach to identify and prioritize immunogenic epitopes from complex antigens.
  • Successful validation of candidate peptide immunogenicity using a multi-step protocol.
  • Demonstration of a feasible pipeline applicable to diverse antigenic materials.

Conclusions:

  • The described pipeline effectively addresses antigen complexity in T cell immunogenicity assessment.
  • This methodology holds significant potential for improving vaccine development strategies.
  • The protocol provides essential information for executing a comprehensive epitope prioritization scheme.