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Magnetism

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Eddy Currents

Eddy Currents

Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

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Magnets and children: a dangerous combination.

X De Raeymaeker¹, S Van Cauwenbergh¹, B Houben¹

¹Department of Abdominal Surgery, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium.

Acta Chirurgica Belgica

|June 1, 2023

Summary

Ingesting multiple magnets can cause serious intestinal injury in children, leading to perforation. Prompt surgical intervention offers a good prognosis and rapid recovery for affected children.

Keywords:

Pediatric abdominal perforation ingestion magnets

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Surgery
Gastroenterology
Toxicology

Background:

Accidental foreign body ingestion is common in children, but magnet ingestion poses unique risks due to their adhesive properties.
Ingested magnets can lead to severe gastrointestinal complications including obstruction, pressure necrosis, fistula, and perforation.

Observation:

A case report details a two-year-old boy who suffered intestinal perforation after ingesting multiple magnetic spheres from a children's toy.
The patient underwent a laparoscopic procedure converted to a mini-laparotomy for magnet removal via enterotomies.

Findings:

Surgical removal of the magnets resulted in an uneventful postoperative recovery.
The child was discharged on postoperative day five and remained complication-free at three months follow-up.

Implications:

Accidental ingestion of multiple magnets is a rare but potentially life-threatening pediatric emergency.
Management strategies vary: endoscopic retrieval for gastric magnets, vigilant monitoring for asymptomatic cases, and urgent surgical removal for symptomatic patients.
Timely treatment of magnet-induced intestinal injury leads to favorable surgical outcomes and swift patient recovery.