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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
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Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
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Nonsolvent-induced phase separation inside liquid droplets.

Rami Alhasan1, Tanner A Wilcoxson2, Dakota S Banks1

  • 1Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|June 1, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Simulations reveal how polymer droplet boundaries and solvent miscibility influence nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) kinetics. Initial composition relative to the phase diagram dictates microstructure formation during NIPS.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) is crucial for creating polymeric microstructures.
  • Fundamental understanding of NIPS kinetics, including mass transfer and phase separation, is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of finite domain boundaries and solvent/nonsolvent miscibility on NIPS kinetics using simulations.
  • To differentiate the roles of phase separation kinetics versus mass transfer in NIPS.

Main Methods:

  • Phase-field modeling simulations were employed.
  • Two cases were studied: initial compositions within and outside the two-phase region of the phase diagram.
  • Analysis focused on droplet concentrations and solvent/nonsolvent exchange.

Main Results:

  • NIPS behavior is highly dependent on the initial droplet composition's location relative to the phase diagram.
  • Polymer/nonsolvent miscibility competes with solvent/nonsolvent miscibility in influencing NIPS kinetics.
  • Simulations predict droplet shrinkage with near-Fickian diffusion kinetics during solvent/nonsolvent exchange.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into the complex interplay of factors governing NIPS.
  • Recommendations for future simulation-based research in NIPS processes are offered.