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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Photonics
    • Fiber Optics

    Background:

    • High-order modes and orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes are crucial for advanced optical communication and sensing.
    • Efficient and integrated generation of these modes remains a significant challenge in photonics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel all-fiber mode converter capable of generating multiple high-order core modes and OAM modes.
    • To investigate the use of helical long-period gratings (HLPGs) for mode conversion in few-mode fibers (FMFs).

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of HLPGs in FMFs using a femtosecond laser with a spiral path translation stage.
    • Inducing helical refractive index modulation within the fiber core.
    • Controlling grating inscription pitch to achieve specific mode conversions.

    Main Results:

    • Successful mode conversion from the fundamental LP01 mode to various high-order core modes (LP11, LP21, LP31, LP02, LP12, LP41).
    • Direct generation of first- to fourth-order OAM modes.
    • Simultaneous excitation of multiple OAM modes with different topological charges using a single HLPG.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed HLPG-based all-fiber mode converter provides a versatile platform for generating multiple high-order and OAM modes.
    • This technology offers a new, highly integrated solution for mode converters and OAM mode generators in optical systems.