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Related Concept Videos

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Frustration occurs when people are obstructed or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. For example, when someone's input is ignored in a discussion, it can lead to feelings of frustration. Conflict, however, arises from opposing interests, goals, or actions. Conflicts can take various forms based on the nature of these opposing desires or goals.
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In multiple dimensions, the conservation of momentum applies in each direction independently. Hence, to solve collisions in multiple dimensions, we should write down the momentum conservation in each direction separately. To help understand collisions in multiple dimensions, consider an example.
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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
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Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
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Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior
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Investigating jaywalker crossing risks from the sequential-conflict perspective: A grouped random parameters

Ziqian Zhang1, Haojie Li1, Gang Ren1

  • 1School of Transportation, Southeast University, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern, Urban Traffic Technologies, China.

Accident; Analysis and Prevention
|June 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Jaywalking risks increase with sequential conflicts, where prior evasive or risky actions by pedestrians heighten subsequent danger. Non-motor vehicles also pose a threat in these hazardous situations.

Keywords:
Grouped random parameters generalized ordered probit modelJaywalkingMid-blocks without crossing facilitiesSequential jaywalker-vehicle conflicts

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Area of Science:

  • Traffic Safety and Human Behavior
  • Pedestrian Risk Analysis

Background:

  • Jaywalking at mid-block locations without designated crossing facilities is a recognized dangerous behavior.
  • Sequential jaywalker-vehicle (J-V) conflicts, arising from the unexpected nature of jaywalking, are complex and hazardous but understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate jaywalking risks from a sequential-conflict perspective for a comprehensive hazard depiction.
  • To explore the lagged effects of prior conflict factors on subsequent J-V conflicts.
  • To aid in predicting J-V conflicts and enabling driver precautionary actions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a grouped random parameters generalized ordered probit model.
  • The model accounts for panel effects and unobserved heterogeneity in sequential conflict analysis.
  • Analysis of influencing factors on sequential J-V conflicts, including pedestrian actions and vehicle types.

Main Results:

  • Increased conflict sequences correlate with higher proportions of aggressive jaywalker behavior and slight conflicts.
  • Pedestrian evasive actions (e.g., decelerating while swerving) and risky actions (e.g., rushing, phone use) predict severer subsequent conflicts.
  • Non-motor vehicles are identified as a significant threat to pedestrians at mid-blocks without crossing facilities.

Conclusions:

  • Sequential conflict analysis provides a more thorough understanding of jaywalking hazards.
  • Understanding lagged effects of pedestrian behavior is crucial for predicting and mitigating J-V conflicts.
  • Targeted interventions are needed to reduce jaywalking and prevent pedestrian-involved accidents, especially concerning non-motor vehicles.