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Related Concept Videos

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

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In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
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Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

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Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
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Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Fatal intoxication involving 2-methyl AP-237.

Michael T Truver1, Michele M Crosby1,2, Alex T Gillette1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.

Journal of Forensic Sciences
|June 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case report details a fatal overdose involving 2-methyl AP-237, a novel synthetic opioid. Forensic toxicology confirmed its presence in postmortem specimens, highlighting the dangers of emerging synthetic opioids.

Keywords:
2-methyl AP-2372-methyl buccinazine2MAPcinnamyl piperazinesnovel synthetic opioidpostmortem

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Novel synthetic opioids are a growing concern in the ongoing opioid epidemic.
  • Structurally similar compounds frequently emerge, complicating identification and treatment.

Observation:

  • A fatal intoxication case involving a 54-year-old male is presented.
  • Drug paraphernalia, including a container labeled "2MAP", was found at the scene.
  • Initial field testing indicated fentanyl, but further analysis was required.

Findings:

  • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry confirmed 2-methyl AP-237 in blood and urine.
  • Quantitation revealed high concentrations of 2-methyl AP-237 (480 ng/mL blood, 4200 ng/mL urine).
  • Three hydroxylated metabolites of 2-methyl AP-237 were identified, providing insight into its metabolism.
  • Alprazolam was also detected in the blood at 55 ng/mL.

Implications:

  • This case highlights 2-methyl AP-237 as a cause of fatal intoxication, even with unremarkable autopsy findings.
  • The identification of metabolites aids in understanding the drug's metabolic pathways.
  • Limited literature exists on the detection and quantitation of 2-methyl AP-237 in postmortem samples, emphasizing the need for further research.