Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

348
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
348
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.1K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
1.1K
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

627
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
627
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

158
Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
158
Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

51.0K
In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
51.0K
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

631
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
631

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Synthesis of a Mixed Bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN) Ligand Using Aluminum Transfer Reagents.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Investigation of metal identity on the structure and electronic properties of dinuclear Mn and Co complexes with triaryl tetradentate ligands.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Formal [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ph<sub>3</sub>PCCO with N-Cbz-Protected Aldimines: Access to N-Cbz-Protected α-Methylene-, α-Alkylidene-, and α-Arylidene-β-Lactams.

Organic letters·2026
Same author

From Binary to Ternary Hydrogen-Bonded Solids with Anisotropic Thermal Expansion.

ACS materials Au·2026
Same author

Control of site-specific deprotonation through mechanochemical interconversion of two ionic cocrystal forms of resveratrol.

Journal of materials chemistry. B·2026
Same author

Leveraging Chelating Amido Ligands to Support Metal-Metal Bonding in Dinuclear Cr(II) Complexes.

Inorganic chemistry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure
06:01

Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure

Published on: April 21, 2021

3.3K

Reversible interconversion of pharmaceutical salt polymorphs facilitated by mechanical methods.

Liulei Ma1, Qixuan Zheng1, Daniel K Unruh1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, 1204 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA. kristin.hutchins@ttu.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|June 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Salts of the drug trimethoprim with lactic acid show fivefold improved solubility and can be reversibly interconverted between solid forms using mechanical force and solvent contact.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry
07:20

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry

Published on: October 6, 2023

3.7K
Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
08:43

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

18.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure
06:01

Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure

Published on: April 21, 2021

3.3K
Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry
07:20

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry

Published on: October 6, 2023

3.7K
Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
08:43

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

18.1K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Trimethoprim is an antibiotic with limited aqueous solubility, impacting its formulation and bioavailability.
  • Controlling the solid-state properties of drugs is crucial for pharmaceutical development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the solubility of trimethoprim through salt formation.
  • To investigate the polymorphic behavior and interconversion of trimethoprim lactate salts.
  • To explore mechanochemistry and slurry methods for solid form cycling.

Main Methods:

  • Salt formation of trimethoprim with enantiopure D- and L-lactic acid.
  • Solubility determination of the resulting salts.
  • Polymorphism screening and characterization.
  • Mechanochemical treatment and slurry experiments for solid form interconversion.

Main Results:

  • Trimethoprim lactate salts exhibited up to five times improved aqueous solubility compared to the free drug.
  • Both D- and L-lactic acid salts were found to be polymorphic.
  • Fully reversible interconversion between drug polymorphs was achieved using mechanochemistry and slurry methods.
  • Drug polymorph cycling necessitates the combined action of solvent contact and mechanical force.

Conclusions:

  • Salt formation with lactic acid is an effective strategy to improve trimethoprim solubility.
  • Mechanochemistry and slurry methods offer viable routes for controlled solid form interconversion of trimethoprim lactate.
  • Understanding the interplay of solvent and mechanical force is key to manipulating drug solid forms.