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Related Concept Videos

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Beyond Solvothermal: Alternative Synthetic Methods for Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Jiyun Hu1, Zhiyuan Huang2, Yi Liu2

  • 1School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

New energy-efficient methods are revolutionizing the synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs). These advanced techniques overcome limitations of traditional solvothermal approaches, paving the way for broader applications.

Keywords:
Covalent Organic FrameworksMicrowaveSolvothermalSynthetic StrategiesUltrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) are advanced porous materials with significant application potential.
  • Current synthesis methods, primarily solvothermal, face challenges including inefficiency, high energy use, and poor scalability.
  • Developing novel, sustainable synthetic routes is crucial for realizing the industrial potential of COFs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in alternative Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) synthesis.
  • To focus on energy-efficient methods for COF production.
  • To compare these novel methods with traditional solvothermal techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of energy-efficient synthesis strategies for COFs.
  • Detailed discussion of methods utilizing microwave, ultrasound, and mechanical force.
  • Analysis of light, plasma, electric field, and electron beam-assisted COF synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of various alternative energy inputs for COF synthesis.
  • Highlighting methods that offer improvements over traditional solvothermal approaches.
  • Comparative analysis of advantages and limitations of each novel method.

Conclusions:

  • Alternative energy inputs offer promising routes for efficient and sustainable COF synthesis.
  • These methods address key limitations of solvothermal synthesis, including energy consumption and reaction time.
  • Further research into these techniques is essential for the practical and industrial application of COFs.