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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
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Targeted IS-element sequencing uncovers transposition dynamics during selective pressure in enterococci.

Joshua M Kirsch1, Shannon Ely1, Madison E Stellfox2

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America.

Plos Pathogens
|June 2, 2023
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Summary

Stressors like phages and antibiotics drive rapid genome evolution in enterococci. Insertion sequence (IS) element IS256 diversification explains how these pressures lead to the emergence of dangerous hospital-adapted bacterial lineages.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Insertion sequences (IS) are mobile genetic elements crucial for bacterial genome evolution.
  • Enterococci are significant human pathogens whose virulence and antibiotic resistance are linked to genome evolution.
  • The IS element IS256 is implicated in enterococcal pathoadaptation, but its regulation and activation mechanisms are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how phage infection and antibiotic exposure drive IS256 diversification in enterococci.
  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms controlling IS256 mobility in Enterococcus faecalis.
  • To understand the role of IS256 diversification in the emergence of hospital-adapted enterococcal lineages.

Main Methods:

  • Adaptation of an IS256-specific deep sequencing method.
  • Comparative genomics of enterococcal isolates.
  • Analysis of IS256 transposase gene expression levels.
  • Investigation of IS256 diversification in response to phage and antibiotic stress.

Main Results:

  • Chronic lytic phage infection drives widespread IS256 diversification in E. faecalis.
  • Antibiotic exposure is associated with IS256 diversification in E. faecium during clinical infections.
  • IS256 is predominantly found in hospital-adapted enterococcal isolates.
  • IS256 mobility in E. faecalis is transcriptionally regulated by multiple mechanisms, indicating tight control.

Conclusions:

  • Stressors such as phages and antibiotics induce rapid, genome-wide transposition in enterococci.
  • IS256 diversification is a key mechanism by which selective pressures mediate enterococcal genome evolution.
  • This diversification contributes to the emergence of dominant nosocomial enterococcal lineages.