Nesting nitrogen budgets through spatial and system scales in the Spanish agro-food system over 26 years

Along its route through the agro-food system nitrogen (N) can be wasted, heightening diverse environmental problems. Geopolitical instabilities affect prices of N fertilisers and livestock feed, challenging production systems and increasing their need to reduce N waste. The analysis of N flows is essential to understanding the agroenvironmental performance of agro-food systems to detect leakages and to design strategies for reducing N pollution while producing feed and food. Sectorial analyses can mislead conclusions, prompting the need for integrated approaches. We present a multiscale analysis of N flows for the 1990-2015 period to identify both the strengths and weaknesses of the Spanish agro-food system. We constructed N budgets at three system scales, namely crop, livestock and the agro-food system, and at two spatial scales: national and regional (50 provinces). The big picture shows a country with increasing crop (575 to 634 GgN/yr) and livestock (138 to 202 GgN/yr, edible) production and nitrogen use efficiency improvements, especially for certain crop and livestock categories. Nevertheless, this falls short of reducing agricultural surpluses (812 GgN/yr) and external dependency, which is closely related to the externalisation of certain environmental impacts (system NUE, from 31 % to 19 % considering externalisation). The regional picture shows the contrasted operation between provinces, assigned to three agro-food system categories: fuelled by synthetic fertiliser (29 provinces), grassland inputs to livestock (5 provinces) or the net import of feed (16 provinces). Regional specialisation on crop or livestock production was reinforced, hampering good recirculation of N through livestock feed from regional cropland and their N fertilisation by regional livestock excretion. We conclude that pollution and external dependency need to be further reduced in Spain. To do so, the big picture of the full system is paramount but must be adapted to the regional particularities.