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Functional characterization of macaque insula using task-based and resting-state fMRI.

Lotte Sypré1, Jean-Baptiste Durand2, Koen Nelissen1

  • 1Laboratory for Neuro- & Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

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The macaque insula shows functional specialization for taste, grasping, and vestibular processing. Resting-state fMRI reveals distinct connectivity patterns supporting sensory integration across the insula.

Keywords:
InsulafMRIgustatorymotorrhesus monkeyvestibularvisual

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Primate Neurophysiology
  • Functional Neuroimaging

Background:

  • The primate insula is implicated in diverse functions, but its complex organization remains poorly understood.
  • Decades of neurophysiological studies highlight the insula's broad sensory, cognitive, affective, and regulatory roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate functional specialization and integration of sensory and motor information within the macaque insula.
  • To assess the utility of non-invasive task-based and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for mapping insula function.

Main Methods:

  • Task-based fMRI experiments with macaque subjects.
  • Seed-based whole-brain resting-state fMRI analyses.
  • Analysis of responses to visual stimuli, including social cues (lip-smacking).

Main Results:

  • Task-based fMRI indicated anterior insula specialization for ingestive/taste/distaste processing, middle insula for grasping sensorimotor responses, and posterior insula for vestibular information.
  • Visual social stimuli activated middle and anterior insula, overlapping with sensorimotor and taste/distaste areas.
  • Resting-state fMRI demonstrated clear functional connectivity gradients along the anteroposterior axis of the dorsal and ventral insula, correlating with specific functional networks (vestibular, sensorimotor, social, taste/motor).

Conclusions:

  • The findings support a model of functional specialization and integration within the macaque insula.
  • Non-invasive fMRI effectively delineates functional domains and connectivity patterns of the insula.
  • Distinct connectivity gradients across the insula support its role in integrating diverse sensory, motor, and social information.