Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Reproductive System01:31

Overview of the Reproductive System

1.6K
The reproductive system generates offspring, ensuring the survival of the species. In humans, the reproductive system is complex and involves a variety of organs and hormones that work together to ensure successful reproduction.
The gonads, or primary reproductive organs, produce gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone, which is responsible for developing secondary male sex characteristics, including a deeper voice, larger muscles, facial and body...
1.6K
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

1.6K
The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
1.6K
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

60.7K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
60.7K
Testosterone: Functions and Regulation01:26

Testosterone: Functions and Regulation

788
The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
788
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

593
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
593
Menopause01:28

Menopause

209
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
209

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Redefining testosterone reference ranges for adult females.

Journal of endocrinological investigation·2026
Same author

Clinical features of androgen abuse withdrawal in men during the first year of cessation: a community dwelling study.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

Ovulatory Recovery following weight loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity: a post hoc analysis of the BAMBINI randomised controlled trial.

Human reproduction (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Pleiotropic genes linking congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and cleft lip/palate: evidence from a genomic CHH cohort study.

European journal of human genetics : EJHG·2026
Same author

Pharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026
Same author

Discordance Between Online Information and Male Hypogonadism Clinical Guidelines: A Global Multilingual Content Analysis.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats
06:38

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats

Published on: October 13, 2018

15.5K

Assessing hypothalamic pituitary gonadal function in reproductive disorders.

Kanyada Koysombat1,2, Waljit S Dhillo1,2, Ali Abbara1,2

  • 1Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

Clinical Science (London, England : 1979)
|June 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis cause common reproductive issues. This review explores diagnostic challenges and tests for HPG axis disorders, including new markers for improved diagnosis.

Keywords:
Congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadismConstitutional delay of growth and pubertyFunctional hypothalamic amenorrhoeaPolycystic ovary syndromedelayed pubertyhypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis

More Related Videos

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation
05:42

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Published on: October 25, 2024

1.2K
Dual Somatic Recordings from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone GnRH Neurons Identified by Green Fluorescent Protein GFP in Hypothalamic Slices
09:30

Dual Somatic Recordings from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone GnRH Neurons Identified by Green Fluorescent Protein GFP in Hypothalamic Slices

Published on: February 23, 2010

22.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 28, 2025

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats
06:38

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats

Published on: October 13, 2018

15.5K
Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation
05:42

Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation

Published on: October 25, 2024

1.2K
Dual Somatic Recordings from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone GnRH Neurons Identified by Green Fluorescent Protein GFP in Hypothalamic Slices
09:30

Dual Somatic Recordings from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone GnRH Neurons Identified by Green Fluorescent Protein GFP in Hypothalamic Slices

Published on: February 23, 2010

22.3K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • Reproductive conditions stemming from hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis dysfunction are prevalent, carrying significant health and psychosocial consequences.
  • Accurate diagnosis of pubertal and reproductive disorders is often challenging due to overlapping clinical presentations and hormonal profiles.
  • Current diagnostic tools, including basal and dynamic endocrine tests, help interrogate HPG axis components but have limitations, especially for hypothalamic function.

Conclusions:

  • Effective diagnosis of HPG axis disorders requires a comprehensive understanding of clinical features and endocrine test results.
  • The lack of dynamic tests for hypothalamic function presents a significant diagnostic hurdle.
  • Emerging biomarkers hold promise for improving the differentiation and management of patients with reproductive and pubertal disorders.