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The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2025

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The D3 -creatine dilution method non-invasively measures muscle mass in mice.

Lauren Wimer1, Elena Goncharova1, Sofiya Galkina1

  • 1Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA.

Aging Cell
|June 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The D3-creatine (D3 Cr) dilution method accurately quantifies muscle mass in mice, unlike dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This faster, cheaper, and non-invasive technique may accelerate sarcopenia therapy development.

Keywords:
agingmicesarcopeniaskeletal muscle

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Muscle Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Accurate quantification of age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia) is crucial for developing effective therapies.
  • Current methods like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are expensive, indirect, and can overestimate muscle mass, particularly in animal models.
  • The D3-creatine (D3 Cr) dilution method offers a potentially more accurate and accessible alternative for measuring muscle mass.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the D3 Cr dilution method as a specific assay for quantifying muscle mass in mice.
  • To compare the accuracy of the D3 Cr method against DXA-determined lean body mass (LBM) in aged mice.
  • To assess the potential of the D3 Cr method to advance preclinical sarcopenia research.

Main Methods:

  • The D3 Cr dilution method was employed to measure muscle mass in aged mice.
  • DXA was used to determine lean body mass (LBM) for comparison.
  • Associations between D3 Cr, DXA, and body weight were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • The D3 Cr method was demonstrated to be a specific assay for muscle mass in mice.
  • DXA consistently overestimated muscle mass in aged mice compared to the D3 Cr method.
  • The D3 Cr method showed a strong correlation with direct muscle mass measurement.

Conclusions:

  • The D3 Cr dilution method provides a direct, accurate, and accessible means to quantify muscle mass in mice.
  • This method overcomes limitations of DXA, such as cost and potential overestimation of muscle mass.
  • The D3 Cr method is poised to accelerate the development of preclinical therapies for sarcopenia.