The D₃ -creatine dilution method non-invasively measures muscle mass in mice

Developing accurate methods to quantify age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia) could greatly accelerate development of therapies to treat muscle loss in the elderly, as current methods are inaccurate or expensive. The current gold standard method for quantifying sarcopenia is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) but does not measure muscle directly-it is a composite measure quantifying "lean mass" (muscle) excluding fat and bone. In humans, DXA overestimates muscle mass, which has led to erroneous conclusions about the importance of skeletal muscle in human health and disease. In animal models, DXA is a popular method for measuring lean mass. However, instrumentation is expensive and is potentially limited by anesthesia concerns. Recently, the D₃ -creatine (D₃ Cr) dilution method for quantifying muscle mass was developed in humans and rats. This method is faster, cheaper, and more accurate than DXA. Here, we demonstrate that the D₃ Cr method is a specific assay for muscle mass in mice, and we test associations with DXA and body weight. We evaluated the D₃ Cr method compared to DXA-determined lean body mass (LBM) in aged mice and reported that DXA consistently overestimates muscle mass with age. Overall, we provide evidence that the D₃ Cr dilution method directly measures muscle mass in mice. Combined with its ease of use, accessibility, and non-invasive nature, the method may prove to more quickly advance development of preclinical therapies targeting sarcopenia.