Acquired Hallux Varus. Etiology, Pathology, Classification, and Treatment Algorithm. Literature Review

Iatrogenic hallux varus is formed due to an imbalance between the bone, tendon, and ligamentous-articular structures in the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MJ), with the progression of the medial deviation of the big toe. A secondary factor is an imbalance between excessive medial tension and weakness or excessive soft tissue release of lateral capsular-ligamentous structures. The article is devoted to a rare but no less complex postoperative complication of hallux valgus deformity, acquired hallux varus. Based on the literature data on this topic, in the work, the clinical anatomy of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, the pathogenesis of the development of tendon-muscle imbalance in the above joint, and the leading causes of hallux varus are described. Also, the issues of the clinic, X-ray diagnostics, and classification of this type of foot pathology are considered with a description of the appropriate surgical tactics for different types of deformity.